![]() Exercise can be a trigger, especially in cold or dry environments, and cold air alone can also trigger symptoms. In older children and adults, upper respiratory infections (particularly with rhinovirus) and pneumonia are common infectious triggers. read more, rhinovirus, and parainfluenza virus infection. Infectious triggers in young children include respiratory syncytial virus Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Human Metapneumovirus Infections Respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus infections cause seasonal lower respiratory tract disease, particularly in infants and young children. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) and irritant-induced asthma Trends toward smaller families with fewer children, cleaner indoor environments, and early use of vaccinations and antibiotics may deprive children of these T2-suppressing, tolerance-inducing exposures and may partly explain the continuous increase in asthma prevalence in higher income countries (the hygiene hypothesis). Type 1 (T1) responses are characterized by a proliferation of type 1 T-helper cells. Early childhood exposure to bacterial and viral infections and endotoxins may shift the body to T-helper cells type 1 (TH1) responses, which suppresses TH2 cells and induce tolerance. Asthma with this pattern of inflammation has often been referred to as eosinophilic asthma. The proinflammatory T2 response is characterized by growth and activation of eosinophils and IgE production. Infants may be born with a predisposition toward proallergic and proinflammatory type 2 (T2) immune responses(immune responses related to T-helper 2 cells). Genetic and environmental components may interact. Asthma is estimated to cost the US $56 billion/year in medical care and lost productivity ( 3 Epidemiology references Asthma is a disease of diffuse airway inflammation caused by a variety of triggering stimuli resulting in partially or completely reversible bronchoconstriction. Asthma is among the leading causes of hospitalization in children and is a leading cause of school absenteeism ( 2 Epidemiology references Asthma is a disease of diffuse airway inflammation caused by a variety of triggering stimuli resulting in partially or completely reversible bronchoconstriction. The mortality rate is higher for adults than children and is especially high in adults over 65. However, the death rate is 2 to 3 times higher for Blacks than for Whites. In the US, about 10,000 deaths occur annually as a result of asthma, and the mortality rate is declining ( 1 Epidemiology references Asthma is a disease of diffuse airway inflammation caused by a variety of triggering stimuli resulting in partially or completely reversible bronchoconstriction.
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